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Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. 1. granite The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? While normal geothermal sources average around 60 to 80Celsius (140 to 176 Fahrenheit), the magma wells steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450 Celsius (842 Fahrenheit)! We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. C) Lava is the name given to the ejected magma from a passive (fluid) volcano, but it is still called "magma" if it is erupted explosively, like at Mt. A) pyroclastic D. gabbro It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. Rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock. A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. In either of these situations, the magma that has moved toward the surface is likely to cool much faster than it did within the magma chamber, and the rest of the rock will have a finer crystalline texture. Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? B) the rock's likely parent magma composition Basalt is one of the most common rocks in Earths crust as well as the volcanic islands created by hot spots. C. high silica, low iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. A) Basalt Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. 2 minutes, Web rsums are posted to the Internet in HTML format. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. A) andesitic The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a sedimentary rock structure. An active volcano always has a magma chamber beneath the cone. An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. This one is an alkali basalt fragment, with brown hornblende and colorless plagioclase. A. high levels are necessary for melting of rocks Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks. In violent eruptions, the volume of magma shrinks so much that the entire magma chamber collapses and forms a caldera. B. variable silica, iron and magnesium content, glassy texture This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. = 2 5/20 G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture A. both quartz and muscovite A 12-square-mile . 1. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. D. Al and Si are the most abundant elements in the magma. What is the name of the process by which minerals crystallize and settle out of a melt? Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. The cracks, called fissures or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The dikes may be intruding over millions of years, but since they may be made of similar material, they would be appearing to be formed at the same time. The cooling behaviour of intermediate magmas lie somewhere between those of mafic and felsic magmas. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. Magma is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth. The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. G) All of these. D) chemical composition of the magma or lava. Felsic magmas, on the other hand, have much more SiO2 (65% to 75%) and Na2O + K2O (around 10%) and much less FeO and MgO plus CaO (about 5%). It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. D) The rock contains broken fragments and is volcanic in origin. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. F. olivine B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Igneous rocks constitute one of the three principal classes of rocks, the others being metamorphic and sedimentary. A single magma may generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks. Lava eruptions can be fire fountains of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. LAVA - magma that reaches the Earth's surface before cooling (most gasses have escaped). Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. The core is the superheated center, the mantle is the thick, middle layer, and the crust is the top layer on which we live. E. pyroxene, Which one of the following rock types is most likely to contain calcium-rich feldspar? Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass. This was done over and over, each time allowing the magma to cool to a lower temperature before quenching. 4. glassy. D. plate tectonics, Match the appropriate term associated with the production of magma to its best description. A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. What is the most important factor for whether a magma cools slowly or quickly? On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration A) texture D) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium. A. quartz and pyroxene This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. 20/3 C. basalt 2. porphyritic andesite As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650o and 800o Celsius (1202o and 1472o Fahrenheit). A) rate of cooling E) None of these. 7.1 Magma and How It Forms. C) number of ions A) rhyolitic The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. B. the upper mantle Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. This page titled 5.1: Classification of Igneous Rocks is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher (OpenGeology) . The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. B. diorite A. magma a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gasses and crystals lava magma that reaches the Earth's surface magma differentiation The process of generating more than one rock type from a single magma glassy texture no mineral grains. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. D. occurs when confining pressure drops significantly, like under the ocean ridges D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a. Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. A) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes. E. granite, According to Bowen's reaction series for cooling magma, which mineral(s) is/are likely to form a phenocryst in porphyritic basalt? The path of rising magma is called a diapir. In some cases, individual plagioclase crystals can be zoned from calcium-rich in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside. C) basaltic, rhyolitic As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. In a porphyritic texture, what is represented by the rock's "groundmass"? Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. America. Figure 4.1.1. Rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock. The Bowen reaction series is one of the results of his work, and even a century later, it is an important basis for our understanding of igneous rocks. Haydn's opus 33 string quartets were first performed for B) crystal + lava B) granodioritic A) granite This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. The texture of an igneous rock (fine-grained vs coarse-grained) is dependent on the rate of cooling of the melt: slow cooling allows large crystals to form, fast cooling yields small crystals. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. If vesicular, pummus geothermal gradient Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. Magma Chamber In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. B. Magma is like seltzer: It contains "Volatile gases" - H2O, CO2, SO2, N2, CH4and other dissolved gases. = 15 * 3/20 flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. B. National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? They have a mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt. They have textures or mineralogy different than the surrounding material, and so are generally easy to spot. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky) What is magma? B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. The minerals that make up igneous rocks crystallize at a range of different temperatures. Because the earth was largely molten at its origin, magma may be considered the beginning of the rock cycle. Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). 3. extrusive igneous rock In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. molten rock below Earths surface Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. Peacock, M. A. Why? Which of the following describes best the difference between magma and lava? Legal. St. Helens volcano, and why? Magma is hot, molten rock that exists beneath the Earth's surface. b. If the magma cools slowly underground, the product will be gabbro; if it cools quickly at the surface, the product will be basalt (Figure 3.3.5). MAGMA - molten material and dissolved gas (in the subsurface). This lava cools into basalt, a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. This huge increase in temperature allowed just one magma well to generate roughly 36 megawatts of electricity, powering 36,000 homes. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. A) the rock's texture The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. 1. diorite and gabbro D) rhyolitic, What type of composition would result in a magma if basaltic and granitic composition magma were mixed completely at a 1 to 3 ratio? Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. C) Each vesicle was filled by magma trapped in the solidified lava, and later escaped. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of drug combination therapy. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). There are two reasons for this: one is that in the early analytical procedures, the results were always expressed that way, and the other is that all of these elements combine readily with oxygen to form oxides. C. Amphibole - pyroxene - biotite - olivine Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "5.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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