when do pecan trees bloom in texas

On Type II or protogynous trees, the female flowers bloom first. The flowers rarely bloom at the same time, however; one tree must pollinate with another cultivar to produce a crop of nuts. If natives, which have a combination of both types of dichogamy, are not present, care should be taken to insure that both protandrous and protogynous types are planted in the same orchard. Still, experts dont fully understand the resistance profile of this tree, and further research is required. Of course, the cultivar was very different back in the days from what it is now, but the values are mostly the same. Pecan trees primarily pollinate via the wind. Choctaw is a variety that originates from a cross between Mahan and Success. Pecan Carya illinoinensis Tree Size: Large Leaf Type: Deciduous . The root system of a pecan tree can extend for many feet underground, so you want to make sure that there arent any pipes or additional plants competing for the same space. We treat your property like our property. This type grows quickly and its self pruning, so youll get giant clusters of large nuts faster than you might from other varieties. Factors besides type also influence when pecan trees bloom. Pecan trees need full sun with at least 6 to 8 hours of sunlight per day. Another important component to planting a pecan is the need to immediately cut some of it off. Short and squatty, covered in thorns, they bloom with a yellow . Mulch an area 4 to 6 feet in diameter at the base of the pecan tree to keep weeds from growing and maintain the moisture in the soil. Also, remove branches that grow low to the ground on a full-grown pecan tree anywhere under five feet. For these, use an insecticidal soap such as this one from Safer Brand, also available through Amazon. And its definitely time for a happy dance when shes able to beat the squirrels to the peaches, figs, or loquats. Heavy rain often helps to reduce their populations and hosing them off has the same effect. Supposedly, this is one of the first pecan varieties developed by a controlled cross. More About this Tree. Smaller trees and lower branches are suitable for hand-picking, but the upper canopy can be hard to reach. This spinach salad from Our Perfect Palette includes the satisfying crunch of pecans, along with strawberries and a poppyseed dressing. However, if you manage to carefully nurture your Choctaw Pecan you can expect signs of a healthy tree Fort Worth, beautiful foliage, and flavorful, high-quality, large nuts. Most experts recommend purchasing a four- to eight-foot tree; this size has the best transplant success. It requires between 4 and 6 hours of direct sunlight to grow well and can thrive in extremely dry conditions, which makes it one of the trees Lubbock landowners should consider for their gardens. He is on call 24/7, 365 days a year. Due to their unique characteristics, each pecan variety is different and has found its use in nature. But if you are the lone area gardener growing C. illinoinensis, you might need to plant a couple to get any harvestable nuts. Palomo holds a Bachelor of Arts in liberal studies from Boston University. In other words, its female flowers should be receptive when its companion is producing pollen, and vice versa. When theyre no longer capable of receiving pollen, the male flowers release it. First, make sure youre in the right place. Where do pecan trees grow in Texas? Unpruned pecan trees left to their own devices regularly grow 75 to 100 feet tall, according to the Florida State University IFAS Extension website. The male blooms consist of greenish-yellow catkins that resemble tassels. Based on the results and recommendations, you can apply zinc foliar spray. Bareroot pecan trees can be planted from December through mid-March in most of Texas. The female flowers consist of star-shaped growths that appear on the tips of new branches. She travels widely and has spent over six years living abroad. Dallas Arboretum is definitely the best place for cherry blossom watching that is so popular in Asian countries. Be aware though that the crop yield is not the same every year. Most folks just pick up the nuts after theyve fallen to the ground, though do you want to get to them before they rot, or before local wildlife get to them. Horticulturalists recommend getting a tree between 4-8 feet tall. Palomo holds a Bachelor of Arts in liberal studies from Boston University. Do Trees Grow Pistachios? To identify a Pecan tree in Texas you will have to consider the shape of the branches. Pecan trees a type of hickory tree do well in Texas, and in Ft. Worth specifically. But pecan trees have a quirk: their male and female flowers bloom at different times. Cheyenne is a variety of Pecan varieties Texas that was released in 1970 by the USDA. But once the leaves start to bud, they provide a strong indication that flowers will soon follow, followed by green fruits that ripen into tasty nuts. At maturity, pecan trees reach a height of around 70 to 100 feet, with a crown that extends 40 to 75 feet around the trunk. No. Since they cant pollinate themselves, they also cant be the same type, so keep that in mind before planting. In warmer climates such as in Texas or the Deep South, pecan trees may start budding in March. Also, remove branches that grow low to the ground on a full-grown pecan tree anywhere under five feet. Additionally, this pecan is resistant o most, As already mentioned, Cheyenne is a mid-season tree but it also has a natural resistance to. There are two main distinctions when it comes to the difference in Pecan varieties in Texas. The Missouri Botanical Garden notes that pecan trees must be about eight to 10 years old before they start producing pecans. Once the first leaf buds reach about 2 inches in length and look ready to split, you need to watch for problem insects. The nuts from a grafted pecan tree are identical to the nuts produced by the scion. Factors besides type also influence when pecan trees bloom. This variety is ideally adapted to the west and central Texas. Height: 10-20 feet. That and we dont really have room for this mammoth, which can get as large as 130 feet tall and 75 feet wide. Check with your local arborist about the pecan tree care tips Fort Worth. Remove a third or so of the previous seasons growth. This may explain why we have close to 60 trees on our small suburban lot, but not one of them is a pecan. When choosing a spot, keep in mind that its trunk and canopy need space to grow. Pecan trees can be a bit of a chore, what with the initial pruning and the wait for maturity. The fruit of a pecan is technically not a true nut, but is instead a drupe a special type of fruit in which we sometimes eat the fruit (like peaches), whereas other times the seed inside the pit is what were after. Keep this in mind when pruning, and thin out dense areas to let more air and light in. So, even though an area might be in Zone 5 based on its low temperatures, that doesnt mean the nights stay warm enough to grow pecans, according to Reid. Pecan tree care in Texas can be tricky, but if you dont mind some patience and hard work, the effort is worth it. Have you seen the price of grocery-store pecans? The pecan nut the star of many classic dishes, and a tasty addition to many more. Flowering and Cross-Pollination of Pecan Flowers One thing to keep in mind before planting is that this tree takes about a decade to start bearing nuts. Before pecan husks start falling, clear the space around your pecan tree of debris to make picking up the pecans easier. The chances are you already have some of the types of Pecans in Texas we will talk about, planted in your backyard. Another good spot to view blooming cherry trees in Texas is Pecan Grove near Houston. Besides, the tree is very vigorous even though it has some scab and freeze problems in certain areas. Pollinators, like bees and other insects, will cross-pollinate the trees, increasing quality and yield. Harvesting pecans can be a labor-intensive task, but tools like a rake or a rolling pecan picker can help. Winter Bird Feeders Entertain as Well as Nourish, Winter Bird Feeders Entertain as Well as Nourish. Its a marketing term, he says. Usually, wild or native Pecans have smaller nuts and thicker shells than improved varieties. Gardeners with little time for maintenance should choose Western pecan trees, which bear fruit at seven to eight years of age. These trees are best able to take up critical nutrients from soil that has a pH level of 6.0 to 7.0. If a pecan senses drought conditions one autumn, it will turn off nut production for the following year. Since 1992, this variety has been the number one cultivar in orchards, which is reassuring for many new gardeners. A professional soil test (for which you can get soil test kits at your local Extension Office) will tell you the how much zinc is available to the tree. If you buy from one of our links,we may earn a commission. Consistent water and fertilization are the two most important aspects of pecan tree care to make sure your pecan tree not only grows at the expected rateone to three feet per year for non-bearing and five to 12 inches for established bearing treesbut also produces nuts. A factor that considerably limits the trees geographical scope is that it needs warm nights. . It is native to about 150 counties and one of the most widely distributed trees in the state. 21:38-45. from Eastern Illinois University. Alas, dont be promising a tasty pie with fruit from your newly planted C. illinoinensis. Japanese Garden that is part of The Fort Worth Botanical Garden was opened in the 1970s. Text: Garden.eco A: Pecan trees do not bloom at the same time, but they do have both female and male flowers. Before we can get into the meat of this pecan tree growing guide, theres something very important we need to get out of the way: If you say PEE-can you might just have to go away. Keep in mind that this one often reaches mature heights and spreads of 75 to 100 feet. Prune branches that are broken, diseased or rubbing together. Zone 9 , Southeast Texas, southwest of Houston, The redbuds are in bloom, the oaks are in bloom and the pecan trees have buds, so I put in my spring garden, potatoes, tomatoes, yellow squash, bell peppers, pickle cukes, asparagus and Zucchini. Most varieties do not shed pollen at the time of pollen receptivity complete dichogamy. Ive lived in Texas for close to 30 years, and its our state tree. The new Kiowa variety still used today was originally released in 1976 by the USDA and is known for producing high-quality nuts with a high % kernel. Since they cant pollinate themselves, they also cant be the same type, so keep that in mind before planting. Some of these links may be affiliate in nature, meaning we earn small commissions if items are purchased. It's fruit tree planting time again. Also, it is the only commercially grown nut in the state and has a wide use. Lenny Wells, Extension Horticulture Specialist for pecans at the University of Georgia, advises that larger trees will require greater cutbacks, making the above-ground portions of the plant more manageable for limited, immature root systems. And make sure its at least 30 feet from other trees. Snackers might want to whip up a batch of granola with this recipe from our sister site, Foodal, which calls for a tasty blend of pecans, oats, seeds, and dried fruit. The pecan tree blooms and bears fruit late in the growing season and is hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5a through 9a. The trees produce separate male and female flowers on the same tree. Pecan trees wont bear fruit for at least six years after theyve been planted and may take twelve or more years to get going. You need to train the tree to develop a strong structure, and that means pruning a good portion of the sapling. Anytime after the shuck first cracks its way open, the pecans are mature and ready to harvest. Most of the flood-tolerant pecan tree's absorptive roots are within 2 feet of the surface, but the numerous large anchor roots of a mature tree can reach a depth of 20 . Eulalia Palomo has been a professional writer since Prior to taking up writing full time she has worked as a landscape artist and organic gardener. Why do pecan trees bloom twice each spring? A pecan tree has dichogamous flowering (dicho='two part'; . Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Pecan tree roots will spread far from the trunk. The ideal climate for pecans is warm and humid. The stigmas may become receptive after pollen is shed protandrous dichogamy or before pollen shedding protogynous dichogamy. Its unique characteristic is that it produces pecans earlier in the season and they are usually already ready for sale in late September. Water thoroughly and add a thick layer of mulch. Without proper drainage, pecan trees are susceptible to root death, reduced transportation of minerals and rot diseases. How about starting with a cheese ball from Vintage Kitty? In most other locations, the first leaf buds do not appear until April or even as late as May. Just as important as the right soil texture is that the roots have ample room to grow. When properly planned, planted and cared for, many of the basic fruiting trees can do quite well here in central Texas. One of the major benefits of having a pecan tree is the yearly harvest of fresh pecans. She is a Master Gardener and lead gardener in a Plant-A-Row, which is a program that offers thousands of pounds of organically-grown vegetables to local food banks. With the right conditions and a compatible cross-pollinator, a nursery-started tree yields its first harvest five to seven years after planting. Pecan tree leaves eventually grow up to 12 to 20 inches in length during the growing season, and resemble fern leaves. When it comes to types of pecans in Texas, there are different varieties and each has its unique characteristics and values. A: There are two main distinctions when it comes to the difference in Pecan varieties in Texas. A nut-bearing tree requires extensive watering especially during dry spells, bud break in the spring, and at the nut filling stage in the mid to late summer. Supposedly, this is one of the first pecan varieties developed by a controlled cross. Pecan trees are usually ready to be harvested by early September, as the husks reach their full size by late summer. Without further ado, heres whats to come, followed by our top tips so you can grow your own. Soil While pecan trees can grow in a wide range of soils, they produce best in sandy loam with clay subsoil. For these, use an insecticidal soap such as this one from Safer Brand, also available through Amazon. Nadia Hassani is a a Penn State Master Gardener with nearly 20 years of experience in landscaping, garden design, and vegetable and fruit gardening. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. Pecans are ready to eat when the husks crack open. It begins to bear in about 5 years and is considered to be very productive. A member of the hickory genus (Carya spp. These bracts may be erect around the stigma, as in Mahan B , that constitutes the remainder of the female flower or spread out, as in Success C. Ultimately the vegetative growing point abscises A producing a scar at the terminus of the inflorescence, except that in some rare cases the shoot continues growth producing a normal shoot with pecans borne laterally and normal leaves occurring both below and above the nuts. The spray helps keep harmful insects from defoliating the tree. Despite its bounteous gifts, some people consider the pecan a hassle, because its a messy thing, what with dropping copious amounts of twigs, leaves, and fruit every fall. A bit smaller in stature, this type will grow to a mature height of 20 to 30 feet with a spread of 15 to 25 feet. Do you have pecan or other nut trees in your landscape? With over 150 cherry trees that blossom in mid-March, Dallas Arboretum attracts thousands of visitors with pink and white beauty. C. illinoinensis Candy, available from Nature Hills Nursery. According to Texas A&M, a couple of varieties of Pecan trees in Texas have a noticeable, natural V shape to the branches. Pruning of Pecan Trees Can Be Done at Any Time.Uga.Edu, Sun or Shade: Pecan Leaves Photosynthetic Light Response Evaluated.ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091103145605.htm, Wells, Marvin Leonard, and Robert Westerfield. It is native to about 150 counties and one of the most widely distributed trees in the state. Proc. Fannin Tree Farm stands behind its product. Check with your local arborist about the pecan. An early blooming plant, its . And thats not even a long time when considering their lifespan, considering they often live for over a hundred years. Texas Pecan Growers Assoc. Finally, Desirable is a cultivar thats hard to resist, and its been a widely planted commercial favorite since the 60s. Only palm tree native to Texas; cold-tolerant; can be difficult to find nursery stock. 10 to 15 gallons of water per week is adequate, and then youll need to increase that as it ages. Because when a trees male flowers pollinate its female ones, most of the resulting seedlings die before theyre old enough to bloom. Tree services Texas recommend Pawnee variety for people who want new-crop pecans as early as possible when the harvest season comes. Pecan trees bloom and shed pollen at separate times, making pecan tree pollination different from fruit trees. Its just a wild seedling from Missouri. Gardeners should instead look for specific cultivars known to do well locally, he says. Related Categories: Sports. The same goes for almonds. After harvest, remove the outer hull by prying it open and removing the pecans inside. Texas pecan trees make excellent shade trees, and youll love having a yearly harvest of pecans. This 32-ounce bottle is ready to use. After removing the hulls, spread pecans on a screen to dry at 75 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Description Pecan tree leaves eventually grow up to 12 to 20 inches in length during the growing season, and resemble fern leaves. If youve checked off all of these requirements, you can move on to planting. This will allow for cross-pollination and lead to more abundant pecan harvests. Once youve harvested all the pecans, youll need to sort them. Once the tree reaches fruiting maturity, little pruning is required. Besides its early maturing characteristics, Pawnee is also desired for its looks and high kernel values. Pecan trees are usually ready to be harvested by early September, as the husks reach their full size by late summer. There arent too many types of Pecans in Texas with a high percent kernel as in Burkett, but flecking on seed coat reduces it. Treat scab with a fungicide such as this one from Southern Ag, available via Amazon. If in doubt, consult your local county extension agent to find out whether your area has the right climate for C. illinoinensis, and to find out which variety will do best locally. Youll want to do so late in their dormancy period, at the end of winter, right before new buds have formed. Eulalia Palomo has been a professional writer since 2009. Pecan trees bloom in the spring, usually in late April or early May, although the exact time depends on the cultivar. The tree requires proper management and perfect soil to thrive and produce a reliable crop. Stein, who is based at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center in Uvalde, said small portions can curb hunger, provide an energy boost and help lower bad cholesterol. Taking proper care of your pecan tree is vital for it to reach its full potential. Without plenty of lime, nitrogen and zinc, pecan trees will not produce good harvests. Additionally, this pecan is resistant o most tree diseases Texas. Still, this means that Pecan trees need to grow in pairs to produce nuts. The Burkett variety was initially discovered in 1900 by the sons of J.H. The expected yield and nut sizes are about 51% kernel and 45 nuts/lb. Kiowa variety was developed in Brownwood in 1953 as a cross of Odom x Mahan. All Rights Reserved. The variety is also used in breeding and two cultivars Comanche and Apache. In addition, in the spring around the time of bud break, apply one pound of ammonium nitrate per inch of trunk diameter, up to a maximum of eight pounds per tree. Opposite, compound, 10" to 12" long, with 7 to 9 leaflets arranged pinnately; leaflets are 2" to 6" long and 1" to 2" wide, short-stalked, ovate to lanceolate, pointed at the tip, margin smooth or faintly toothed. Fertilization union of male gamete and egg will take place 5 to 7 weeks after pollination. Once a pecan tree is in the ground, itll require pruning every other year or every three years. Just make sure each tree is given plenty of space, so neither tree is crowded. Don't remove too much. Is a pecan tree a good shade tree? On a per-share basis, the Austin, Texas-based company . We link to vendors to help you find relevant products. However, DNA and isozyme analysis rule the Odom pollen parent out. Since different trees have different bloom patterns or dichogamies, . We recommend working with a certified arborist with experience on how to care for pecan trees in Texas. The fertilized female flowers rapidly develop into the fruit of the pecan known as a nut. Pecans are ready to harvest when the outer husk splits open. Zone 9 , Southeast Texas, southwest of Houston, The redbuds are in bloom, the oaks are in bloom and the pecan trees have buds, so I put in my spring garden, potatoes, tomatoes, yellow squash, bell . Nancy Wagner is a marketing strategist and speaker who started writing in 1998. A couple tablespoons of Kentuckys favorite liquor gives this treat a rich and deep flavor. Especially those traditionally eaten in the fall, when the large, stately tree shares its bounty with us. rows of trees in bloom in a pecan orchard - pecan tree stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Not Your Average Hickory! Oak, Bur Common Name: Bur Oak . Harvesting pecans can be a labor-intensive task, but tools like a rake or a rolling pecan picker can help. The pecan trees sold by nurseries are grafted, which means the rootstock is from a variety selected for its strong root system and the upper part of the tree that produces shoots or buds (the scion) is chosen for the quality of its nuts. In addition to cherries, visitors can admire blooming daffodils, tulips, ranunculusaltogether about 500,000 blooms. Each leaf contains 11 to 17 leaflets. In most other locations, the first leaf buds do not appear until April or even as late as May. The fruit on a pecan tree is comprised of a hard shell that encases a soft, edible pecan nut. Because it cant self pollinate, every pecan tree should be grown with at least one other compatibly cross-pollinating cultivar. These trees provide plenty of shade, and theyre aesthetically pleasing, with their towering height and plentiful leaves. Check out the most scenic places to welcome spring at the Lone Star State. Wells, Lenny. Next: vs. No. Burkett is a spreading tree and has nuts that are frequently split at the suture. Sufficient water is very important for pecan trees, both during the establishment of a young tree as well as to ensure a good crop in mature nut-bearing trees. K. Koch. So I get to say how its pronounced! Wagner's business and marketing articles have appeared in "Home Business Journal," "Nations Business," "Emerging Business" and "The Mortgage Press," among others. Call us at 817-862-7735 for a free estimate, day or night, rain or shine. While pecan trees can grow in cooler climate zones, nighttime temperatures can drop too low and the tree wont produce nuts. Texas is not the most likely place to look for spring-time cherry bloom, however, the state does have a few places that boast a massive bloom every year. In other words, self-pollinating pecan trees almost never pass on their genes. At maturity, the round fruits have a diameter of 1 to 3 inches. The other problem with pecan trees can be aphids, either black or yellow aphids. Consult with your. 13 of the Best Companion Plants for Japanese Maple Trees, 13 of the Best Companion Plants for Japanese Maple Trees, .slick-slider#wpsp-83657 {margin-left: 0px; }.slick-slider#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; }#wpsp-83657.wpsp-card .wp-show-posts-single {margin-bottom: 2em; }.slick-slider#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-single {margin-bottom: 0px; }#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-inner {background-color: #ffffff; }#wpsp-83657.wp-show-posts .wp-show-posts-entry-title {font-size: .9em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-83657 {margin-left: -2em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin: 0 0 2em 2em; } Not sure what tree is best for you? The flowers bloom in mid to late spring and, as they fade, pecan fruits start developing. Nut meats are ready to eat or store when they're dry enough to snap when you try to bend them. Wells, Marvin Leonard, and Robert Westerfield. ), the pecan is hardy to zone 5. The tree needs little pruning, training or management to bear good pecans. Pecan trees are usually ready to be harvested by early September, as the husks reach their full size by late summer. Soak roots before planting and soak soil as you refill the hole to remove any air pockets. And where pecan trees grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 6 through 9, spring weather changes from location to location and year to year. Pecans don't grow true from seed so you will need to purchase a young tree. Or, keep things simple with this recipe for easy homemade candied pecans from Feast in Thyme. 24 Texas A&M (22-8) did not play. My San Antonio-reared husband has not-so-fond memories of being sent out in the yard as a young child to clean up after his familys large and sloppy pecan trees. Pecan trees produce new leaves later than most other nut, fruit or ornamental trees. Type I, or protandrous, trees have their male flowers bloom first on the ends of the previous seasons growth. The calyx, which was the outer portion of the female flower, continues to grow in proportion to the developing nut so that it covers the mature nut. In North Texas, that's late February to mid-March. New research indicates that it is more likely to be the cross of Desirable x Mahan. Usually found along riverbanks in its native environment, the pecan likes a lot of water. Keep in mind that this type of pruning should only be done on a dormant tree, and is often already done before sale by many nurseries. If I had a few acres, I would love to grow this beauty. When you first acquire a pecan tree, whether its a young or mature tree, youll need to make sure it is planted in a location where it can thrive. Dig a hole the same depth as the root ball and two or three times as wide. If the shell is not a uniform color, feels light or sounds hollow, it is unlikely that the pecan inside is worth it. While Texas, in true narcissistic Texan form, lays claim to the tree, it is actually native to a large swath of the United States, from south of San Antonio east to southern Louisiana and north through Oklahoma, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois. If you desire a larger nut, Kiowa is probably one of the best Pecan varieties Texas for you. The Fort Worth Japanese Garden, west of Dallas, boasts one of the most impressive cherry blossom displays in Texas. Place a screen or other protective barrier over the drying nuts, or you're likely to attract every squirrel in the area. Related Posts: Best Time To Plant Trees In Texas & Pecan Tree Diseases. There are two ways to effectively harvest pecans; picking the nuts by hand or knocking the nuts from the tree using a long stick. In the end, it all comes down to a personal preference, but you can always opt for the varieties that are more common among owners. Plant C. illinoinensis at least 30 feet from any structures, more depending on the cultivar, and in a spot that gets lots of sun. More About this Tree . Although it has serious scab problems in the humid areas and freeze problems in the far north, the tree is very vigorous, productive and begins to bear in only 5 to 7 years. Mississippians should look for Kiowa, while Georgian and Louisianan gardeners often plant Elliott, and might want to check out this tree from FastGrowingTrees.com. You should not fertilize pecan trees after July, however, as it can make them more susceptible to freezing during the winter months. This occurs in the fall, commonly between September and November. Nancy Wagner is a marketing strategist and speaker who started writing in 1998. As the state tree of Texas, pecan trees are a mainstay of Texas imagery and culture. Tree service Texas companies are still unsure of the parentage but it is speculated that it may be Jewett x Success cross. recommend Pawnee variety for people who want new-crop pecans as early as possible when the harvest season comes. She holds a B.S. Pecan trees require a lot of care, but their beautiful appearance, abundant shade and yearly harvest of fresh nuts make them one of the best native Texas trees. from Eastern Illinois University. This process is known as pollination. By Eulalia Palomo. Once sorted, pecans should be kept in a cool, dry place in a breathable container for a few weeks after harvesting. The soil should be fertile and well-drained yet still be able to hold water, otherwise the tree will need more frequent irrigation. wood with numerous, yellow flowers. During the cherry blossom season, Arboretum hosts wine tastings, tours of the garden with gardeners, international foods, face-painting, and kids activities on certain days. We examine why this is so, and how you can overcome it to ensure an annual harvest. She travels widely and has spent over six years living abroad.

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